6 research outputs found
Total and Partial Fragmentation Cross-Section of 500 MeV/nucleon Carbon Ions on Different Target Materials
By using an experimental setup based on thin and thick double-sided
microstrip silicon detectors, it has been possible to identify the
fragmentation products due to the interaction of very high energy primary ions
on different targets. Here we report total and partial cross-sections measured
at GSI (Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung), Darmstadt, for 500 MeV/n energy
beam incident on water (in flasks), polyethylene, lucite, silicon
carbide, graphite, aluminium, copper, iron, tin, tantalum and lead targets. The
results are compared to the predictions of GEANT4 (v4.9.4) and FLUKA (v11.2)
Monte Carlo simulation programs.Comment: 10pages, 13figures, 4table
Update on protein biomarkers in traumatic brain injury with emphasis on clinical use in adults and pediatrics
Purpose This review summarizes protein biomarkers in
mild and severe traumatic brain injury in adults and
children and presents a strategy for conducting rationally
designed clinical studies on biomarkers in head trauma.
Methods We performed an electronic search of the National
Library of Medicine’s MEDLINE and Biomedical Library
of University of Pennsylvania database in March 2008
using a search heading of traumatic head injury and protein
biomarkers. The search was focused especially on protein
degradation products (spectrin breakdown product, c-tau,
amyloid-β1–42) in the last 10 years, but recent data on
“classical” markers (S-100B, neuron-specific enolase, etc.)
were also examined.
Results We identified 85 articles focusing on clinical use of
biomarkers; 58 articles were prospective cohort studies with
injury and/or outcome assessment.
Conclusions We conclude that only S-100B in severe
traumatic brain injury has consistently demonstrated the
ability to predict injury and outcome in adults. The number
of studies with protein degradation products is insufficient
especially in the pediatric care. Cohort studies with welldefined
end points and further neuroproteomic search for
biomarkers in mild injury should be triggered. After
critically reviewing the study designs, we found that large
homogenous patient populations, consistent injury, and
outcome measures prospectively determined cutoff values,
and a combined use of different predictors should be
considered in future studies